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Hiotpgraphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
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Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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n 

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Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

V^^BI^ 

26X 

30X 

1 

z 

1 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

1 

am^eMiu^smiMtii6\.^f,iidMi'imti, 


re 

Stalls 
)s  du 
nodifier 
)r  une 
ilmage 


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conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
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es 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
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d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
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beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparUtra  sur  la 
derniAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbole  ▼  signifie  "FIN". 

Las  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmte  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  f  ilm6  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  it  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombra 
d'Images  nAcessaira.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


errata 
d  to 


e  pelure, 
;on  d 


n 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

i 

3 

4 

5 

6 

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II 


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Vx--.i-.        -^ 


Porcelain 


Dental  Art. 


-@- 


Jhe  Jsjew  ^roQess 


OF 


RESTORING  DECAYED  AND  DEFECTIVE  TEETH 

TO  THEIR  ORIGINAL  APPEARANCE,  IN 

SHAPE,  SIZE  AND  COLOR. 


BY, 


C/H.  LAND. 


DETROIT,  MICH. : 

O.  S.  OULLtY,  BORNMAN  *  CO.,  li-lS  LARMBD  STREET  CABT. 


181)0. 


*  I*. 


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<-> 


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Copyrighted  1888,  by  Charles  H.  Land. 


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INTRODUCTION. 


Porcelain  Dental  Art. 


•"t^HE  practical  application  of  porcelain  to  operative  and  mechan- 
ical dentistry  is  not  possible  without  its  necessary  adjunct,  a 
thoroughly  reliable  pas  furnace;  and  this  must  bo  so  arranged  that 
all  operations  are  reduced  to  the  minimum  cost  of  the  material  con- 
sumed and  lalxjr  expended,  and  with  the  least  fatigue  both  to  the 
operator  and  his  patient. 

Twenty  years  of  experience  in  the  working  of  continuous  gum 
work,  sectional  block  and  crown  work,  and  three  years  constant  and 
daily  exi)erience  in  inserting  of  porcelain  fillings,  etc.,  has  demon- 
strated and  brought  out  so  many  minor  details  that  in  order  to  com- 
prehend them  properly,  nothing  but  actual  practice  will  suffice  to 
furnish  anything  like  a  correct  idea  of  the  great  value  of  proper 
facilities;  and,  while  it  will  be  the  aim  of  the  author  to  simplify  the 
instructions,  the  fact  still  remains  that  no  matter  how  simple  the  art, 
there  are  always  some  features  that  need  actual  work.     A  very  slight 
oversight  on  the  part  of  the  most  careful  observer  may  cost  hundreds 
of  dollars,  where  a  little  actual  contact  would  save  it  all.     A  close 
inspection  of  any  art  reveals  truths  that  can  not  be  comprehended  at  a 
distance;  therefore,  to  all  those  who  will  become  interested,  a  week 
spent  in  our  laboratory  will  be  of  the  greater    vnlue;  however,  as 
there  are  a  large  number  in  the  profession  who  xi?  d  it  very  difficult 
to  get  away  from  home,  we  have  decided  to  do  all  that  is  possible  by 
giving  a  series  of  illustrations  and  simple  directions,  and  hope  by 
this  means  to  establish  enough  facta  to  enable  them  to  make  a 
beginning. 

Respectfully, 

C.   H.    LAND. 


DR.  C.  H.  LANDS 


COMPOVNto 


GAS  OR  GASOLINE  FURNACE 


PATENTED  JANUARY  3d,  1888. 


VO.  I. 


NACE 


Dr.  C.  I.  Lail's  CoipoDDd  Gas  or  Gasolioe  Famace. 


Size  No.  1,  eHpocinlly  mlapto*!  for  (•ontimionH  gnin  work,  nil 
kinds  of  imiffle  work,  crucible  work,  blow  |)i|.«  work,  f(>rj,'iiijr  iind 
brazing.  It  is  the  inoHt  complete  fiunnce  over  (loviwcd  for  tht<  choiu 
ist,  HHHHyor,  jeweler,  dentist  and  uietallnrgiHt.  The  range  of  work 
that  can  be  accomplished  with  it  is  practically  without  limit,  Iron, 
brass  and  steel  castings  weighing  from  2  to  12  pounds  can  be  made 
in  from  7  to  80  minutes.  A  mutlle  8  inches  long,  3J  inches  wide,  2.J 
inches  high  inside  measurement,  can  be  heated  to  ov«*r  8240^  F.  in 
25  minutes,  sullicient  to  melt  wrought  iron.  Fig.  1  rejnesents  the 
furnace  closed  and  ready  for  muflle  work.  A  A  is  iron  pipe,  ca[)able 
of  both  a  sliding  and  swinging  motion.  (See  L  Fig.  2),  to  which 
the  door  or  plug  is  securely  attached.  There  is  a  small  hole  in  the 
door,  covered  with  a  piece  of  mica,  through  which  all  operations  can 
be  seen.  Observe  that  the  iron  pipe  is  connected  to  rubber  tubing 
B,  and  with  pipe  having  an  air  cock  C,  which  regulates  the  (juantity 
of  air  passing  into  the  mouth  of  the  muffle.  It  will  also  be  noticed 
that  the  pipe  passes  over  the  two  holes  D  D,  thus  by  the  escaping 
flame  the  pipe  is  heated  to  redness  and  provides  a  superheated  air 
before  reaching  the  muffle;  this  column  of  air  forced  into  the  muffle 
keeps  up  a  counter  pressure  within,  so  much  greater  than  the  press- 
ure produced  by  the  blast  within  the  lire  chamber,  that  all  foul  gases 
are  prevented  from  entering  the  muffle  even  though  it  is  cracked; 
thus  the  most  delicate  porcelain  can  bo  baked  without  the  least 
danger  of  so-called  gasing.  Also  it  will  be  seen  that  by  coimecting 
the  rubber  pipe  with  retorts  or  gasometers  any  desired  vapor  or  gas 
could  be  forced  into  the  muffle,  making  the  furnace  invaluable  for 
scientific  experiments. 

Fig.  2  illustrates  the  furnace  thrown  open,  being  swung  on 
hinges  at  the  back,  exposing  the  muffle  E.  The  groove  P  P  is  packed 
with  asbestos  fibre,  so  that  when  the  sections  are  brought  together 
the  furnace  will  be  perfectly  air  and  gas  tight.  The  hooks  F  F  are 
to  hold  the  upper  section  secure  to  the  lower.  The  gas  and  air  con- 
nections are  so  arranged  that  the  ordinary  blow-pipe  can  be  attached 
as  shown  at  G.  When  the  muffle  E  is  removed,  it  exposes  two  Imrn- 
ers  and  a  tire-brick  surface  made  to  fit  the  various  appliances  for 
crucible,  ladle  and  blow-pipe  work.  One  or  both  burners  can  be 
operated  in  conjunction  with  the  blow-pipe  G.  The  air-cock  R  is  to 
provide  a  means  for  shutting  off  the  air  supply  from  either  burner 
when  required.     H  is  the  gas  supply,  K  air-pipe  connecting  with  the 


■■,A.".W!Ji4i  )/»i" 


bellows.  Size  of  rauttle,  iusitle  meaHurement,  8  inches  long,  2J 
inches  high,  8^  inches  wide.  With  gasoline  gas  porcelain  teeth  can 
be  enameled  in  from  10  to  15  minutes;  ordinary  city  gas  in  from  15 
to  25  minutes,  according  to  quality.  In  30  minutes  a  heat  sufficient 
to  destroy  the  muffle  can  be  producod,  which  indicates  a  temperature 
of  over  3240"  F.,  much  higher  than  is  ever  m'edod  for  all  kinds  of 
work,  except  the  fusing  of  platinum.  Three-eighths-inch  gas  pipe 
will  supply  sufficient  gas,  and  can  be  worked  with  ordinary  foot  bel- 
lows.   . 

THE   CRO^A/'N    FURNACE 

Is  about  one-fourth  the  size  of  No.  1-muffle  3  inchos  long,  H 
inches  in  diameter.  It  is  a  fac  simile  of  No.  1,  having  blow-pipe 
and  crucible  attachment,  and  is  especially  adapted  for  enamel  fill- 
ings, crown  and  sectional  block  work;  is  much  easier  to  operate  than 
No.  1,  and  does  the  work  more  rai)idly. 


p^ 


■5{? 


ches  long,  2  J 
(lain  teeth  can 
jas  in  from  15 
heat  Hufficient 
1  a  temperature 
ir  all  kinds  of 
-inch  gas  pipe 
inary  foot  bel- 

CE 

achps  long,  1\ 
ving  blow- pipe 
or  enamel  fiU- 
to  operate  than 


Reprinted  from  "  Itemn  of  Interest, "  October,  IHS({. 

ARE  HYDRO-CARBON  OR  QAS  FURNACES  A  SUCCESS  ? 


Hv  Dh.  C.  ...  LAND,  Dctroit,  Mich. 


For  those  who  are  not  familiar  with  the  nature  of  hydrocar- 
bons, the  philosophy  of  their  coinbustiori.  etc.,  gas  furnaces  are  not 
satisfactory;  but  the  mastery  of  a  few  definite  facts  will  make  the 
whido  subject  plain,  and  the  process  easy.  During  the  past  year  it 
has  Iwen  my  pleasure  to  bake  over  one  hundred  sets  of  continuous 
gum  work,  also  sections  of  block  work,  porcelain,  etc.  This  I  have 
done  with  no  more  trouble  than  to  turn  on  the  desired  (|nantity  of 
gas  and  air  and  wait  till  the  operation  of  baking  was  completed. 
Starting  from  a  cold  muffle  it  requires  but  fifteen  minutes  for  the 
first  biscuit,  ten  minutes  for  the  second,  and  fifteen  minutes  to 
enamel,  and  where  two  furnaces  are  employed  a  slab  of  sectional 
block  teeth  can  be  enameled  every  five  minutes,  in  the  moat  perfect 
manner,  with  unerring  precision.  Some  gas  furnaces  have  been  a 
failure  principally  on  account  of  their  liability  to  gas  the  teeth.  The 
accompanying  illustration  will  make  the  philosophy  of  combustion 
more  clear,  and  give  the  reasons  why  teeth  are  injured.  A  repre- 
sents the  burner  ;  B  B  B  fire-brick  lining  ;  C  C  C  combustion  cham- 


8 


ber;  D  interior  of  muffle.  The  arrows  indicate  the  direction  of  the 
blast.  The  space  in  the  combustion  chamber  between  the  lines  E  E 
is  where  carbon  monoxid  (co)  is  formed, — a  gas  containing  one 
equivalent  less  of  oxygen  than  carbon  dioxid — simply  an  imperfect 
state  of  combustion.  It  is  this  gas  that  injures  the  body  and  the 
enamel.  By  reference  to  the  illustration  it  will  be  seen  that  the  l'  Me 
arrows  are  made  to  appear  passing  through  the  pores  of  the  muffle, 
and  as  the  -iirection  of  the  blast  from  the  burner  A  is  directly  against 
the  bottom  of  the  muffle,  with  a  pressure  of  one  pound  to  the  square 
inch,  a  portion  of  the  carbon  monoxid  (c  o)  is  extremely  liable  to  be 
forced  through  its  pores,  and  will  be  taken  up  with  the  body  during 
th3  first  and  second  biscuiting,  here  to  remain  until  the  enameling 
process;  and  as  this  takes  a  much  higher  degree  of  heat,  it  causes 
the  gas  to  be  eliminated,  as  shown  in  the  numerous  small  bubbles  on 
the  surface.  The  space  between  the  lines  E  E  and  within  the  com- 
bustion chamber  C  C  C,  should  be  known  as  the  first  ctage  of  com- 
bustion, where  a  certain  portion  of  carbon  monoxid  (c  o)  is  always 
present,  and  the  space  between  the  lines  G  and  E,  within  the  cham- 
ber C,  should  be  known  as  the  second  stage  of  combustion.  In  the 
first  stage  of  combustion  one  equivalent  of  oxygen  from  the  atmos- 
phere unites  with  the  hydro-cai'bon  to  form  carbon  monoxid  (c  o) ; 
in  the  second  stage,  two  unite  to  form  carbon  dioxid  (c  Og ),  or  car- 
bonic acid.  In  my  first  experiments  in  baking  porcelain  with  hydro- 
carbon fuels,  nitrogen  was  injected  into  the  muffle  as  a  protection  to 
the  teeth,  and  proved  highly  successful.  Further  investigation  has 
shown  that  porcelain  can  be  baked  satisfactorily  by  using  a  little  air. 
Fig.  1  represents  my  new  furnace  closed  and  ready  for  muffle  work. 
In  Fig.  2,  see  exposed  position  of  muffle.  A  A,  Fig.  1,  is  iron  pipe 
capable  of  both  a  sliding  and  a  swinging  motion  (see  L,  Fig.  2)  to 
which  the  door  or  plug  is  securely  attached.  Rubber  tubing  B,  Fig. 
1,  connects  with  air  supply  at  cock  C.  This  regulates  the  quantity 
of  air  passing  into  ihe  muffle.  In  the  illustration  you  have  seen  that 
the  monoxid  of  carbon  (c  o)  is  extremely  liable  to  penetrate  the  muf- 
fle. We  will  assume  that  a  small  portion  has  entered  the  muffle; 
then  what  could  be  more  reasonable  than  to  force  in  a  small  quantity 
of  air  rx)  unite  with  (co)  to  form  (co,).  To  prove  the  theory  cor- 
rect, the  entire  upper  portion  of  the  muffle  can  be  perforated  with 
holes;  this  will  allow  the  products  of  combustion  (co  )  to  pour  in  it  a 
constant  stream,and  yet  a  set  of  teeth  can  be  baked  successfully  without 
any  danger  of  gasing,  though,  owing  to  the  one  equivalent  of  carbon  a 
slight  discoloration  of  the  enamel  will  be  observed.  By  perforating 
the  muffle  with  three  4  inch  holes  on  the  upper  portion  of  the  rear 


irection  of  the 
the  lines  E  E 
lontaining  oue 
an  imperfect 
body  and  the 
1  that  the  lUUe 
of  the  muflle, 
irectl^  against 
I  to  the  square 
(ly  liable  to  be 
e  body  during 
;he  enameling 
keat,  it  causes 
lall  bubbles  on 
ithin  the  corn- 
stage  of  com- 
c  o)  is  always 
liu  the  cham- 
stion.  In  the 
om  the  atmos- 
aonoxid  (c  o) ; 
c  Og),  or  ear- 
in  with  hydro - 
a  protection  to 
estigation  has 
ing  a  little  air. 
ir  muffle  work. 
1,  is  iron  pipe 
»  L,  Fig.  2)  to 
tubing  B,  Fig. 
IS  the  quantity 
have  seen  that 
jtrate  the  muf - 
Bd  the  muffle; 
small  quantity 
le  theory  cor- 
lerforated  with 
I  to  pour  in  it  a 
Bsfully  without 
ent  of  carbon  a 
By  perforating 
)n  of  the  rear 


g 

end  it  wUl  give  vent  to  foul  gases,  and  when  a  current  of  air  is 
passed  in  at  the  front  the  tendency  would  be  to  paHs  out  at  the  roar. 
As  this  current  of  air  consists  of  nitrogen  and  oxygen,  the  latter 
would  unite  with  any  (c  o)  that  might  be  present,  leaving  an  excess 
of  the  former.  Nitrogen  not  uniting  radically  with  anything,  serves 
as  a  protection  to  substances  placed  within  the  muffle. 

It  has  been  customary  to  perforate  the  end  of  the  muffle  in  coal 
or  coke  furnaces,  and  as  the  natural  draft  would  draw  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  air  through  the  muffle,  any  monoxid  of  carbon  nresent 
would  be  eliminated,   consequently  teeth   were  not  gased' unless 
placed  in  a  cracked  muffle.      In  all  hydro-carbon   furnaces  it  is 
necessary  to  use  a  blast  to  secure  the  required  amount  of  heat,  and 
the  pressure  must  be  at  least  one  pound  to  the  square  inch  ;  this  is 
to  force  the  proper  amount  of  oxygen  into  the  combustion  chamber. 
Perfect  combustion  wiU  not  take  place  in  natural-draft  gas  furnaces, 
because  a  sufficient    quantity  of    air  cannot  be  drawn   into  the 
combustion  chamber  without  the  use  of  a  positive  blast ;  it  therefore 
becomes  necessary  to  force  both  the  air  and  the  gas  under  pressure 
into  the  combustion    chamber,     the    higher    the    pressure     the 
greater  the  heat.      My  office  is  located  in  a  building  where  steam 
power  is  available  ;   from  this  I  secure  an  air  supply,  conducted  by 
means  of  gas  pipes  into  my  laboratory,  so  that  by  simply  turning  on 
a  supply  of  gas  and  air,  teeth  are  baked  with  much  less  trouble  than 
vulcanizing.      Where  it  is  customary  to  bake  every  day  a  motive 
power  is  the  most  desirable,  but  where  only  an  occasional  set  of 
teeth  is  required,  the  ordinary  foot  beUows  answers  better.     But 
fifteen  minutes  of  pumping  is  sufficient  for  each  bake,  and  with  a 
little  assistance  the  work  is  comparatively  easy. 

The  Use  of  GasoKne.— During  the  past  year  I  have  been  using 
74  gasoline  with  as  perfect  results  as  any  other  hydro-carbon  ;  and 
with  the  ordinary  foot  bellows,  as  manufactured  by  the  Buffalo 
Dental  Manufacturing  Co.,  I  can  bake  a  set  of  continuous  gum-work 
in  fifteen  minutes,  starting  from  a  cold  muffle.  All  kinds  of  crucible 
work  and  soldering  vrith  the  blow-pipe,  can  be  done  equally  weU  as 
with  city  gas.  One  gallon  of  gasoline,  costing  15  cents,  will  bake  a 
set  of  teeth.  Therefore,  dentists  living  in  localities  where  there  is 
no  gas  can  secure  equal  advantages  in  the  use  of  74  gasoline.  City 
gas,  at  $2.50  per  thousand  feet,  will  cost  about  the  same. 


V  y  i 


10 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  SETTING  UP  THE  PURNAOE. 

Adjust  the  bracket  so  that  the  top  will  be  three  feet  from  the  floor, 
orthe8ameif  placed  on  the  bench.  The  hole  shouldbe  elevenincheB 
in  diameter  each  way,  and  seven  inches  from  the  wall.  The  bench 
should  be  twenty-four  inches  in  extent  from  the  wall,  and  twenty-two 
inches  wide.  The  groove  P  P  should  be  packed  with  asbestc^i  fibre. 
Roll  the  fibre  into  a  loose  rope  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  This 
is  intended  to  secure  an  air-tight  joint  between  the  upper  and  lower 
sections  of  the  furnace. 


ADJUSTING  THE  MUFFLE. 

The  groove  across  the  front  end  of  the  base  of  the  furnace  is 
intended  for  asbestos  packing,  and  as  a  guide  to  set  the  muffle  in  its 
proper  place.  The  raised  or  thick  part  of  the  front  of  the  muffle 
should  come  exactly  even  with  the  groove,  or  there  should  be  a  space 
oi  three  eighths  of  an  inch  wide  between  and  around  the  mufflo 
vvithin  the  combustion  chamber.  If  the  muffle  is  too  close  to  the 
rear  end  of  the  combustion  chamber,  the  Uability  to  gas  the  teeth  is 
increased,  and  the  necessary  degree  of  heat  will  be  too  slow  in 
developing.  Also,  it  will  be  more  difficult  to  light  the  furnace. 
Combustion  will  be  imperfect. 


i 


ADJUSTING  THE  BURNERS. 

Previous  to  putting  the  burners  in  place,  the  smaU  piece  of 
woven  wire  is  pushed  up  into  tiie  tubes.  Aebestos  fibre  is  then 
wound  around  the  head  of  tiie  burners,  and  serves  as  an  air-tight 
packing,  then  tiiey  are  retained  by  means  of  thumb  screws.  After 
the  screws  are  turned  so  as  to  secure  tiie  burners,  a  little  additional 
asbestos  fibre  is  packed  between  the  tubes  and  the  burners ;  tiiis 
makes  the  joint  perfectly  air-tight.  To  the  right  side  of  tiie  furnace 
the  letters  M  M  mark  the  point  where  rubber  tubes  conduct  the  air 
supply  to  tiie  burners  ;  R  R  is  stop  cook  to  regulate  tiie  quantity  of 
air  passing  into  the  burners  ;  O  O,  pipes  to  the  left  that  convey  the 
gas  to  the  burners. 


-f^ 


^t^r 


TSsr. 


QRNAOE. 

from  the  floor, 
I  eleven  inches 
.  The  bench 
id  twenty-two 
asbestc;)  fibre, 
iameter.  This 
per  and  lower 


11 
LIGHTING  THE  FURNACE. 

A  little  trouble  is  sometimes  experienced  in  lighting  the 
furnace.  The  flame  will  start  beneath  the  furnace,  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  tubes.  When  this  takes  place,  if  continued,  it  will  melt 
the  wire  screen  at  the  head  of  the  burner.  To  prevent  this,  a 
steady  current  of  air,  uniform  in  pressure,  will  avoid  the  danger  of 
starting  the  flame  below  the  combustion  chamber.  When  it  does 
take  place,  the  gas  should  be  shut  off  at  once,  and  try  to  light  it 
again. 


the  furnace  is 
le  muifle  in  its 
b  of  the  muffle 
luld  be  a  space 
and  the  muffo 
oo  close  to  the 
[as  the  teeth  is 
be  too  slow  in 
it  the  furnace. 


small  piece  of 
»s  fibre  is  then 
as  an  air-tight 
screws.  After 
little  additional 
e  burners ;  this 
9  of  the  furnace 
conduct  the  air 
the  quantity  of 
that  convey  the 


THE  USE  OF  GASOLINE. 

A  convenient  way  in  which  to  use  gasoline,  is  to  pass  a  current 
of  city  gas  through  the  generator.  This  gives  a  rich  hydro- carbon, 
and  is  less  liable  to  gas  the  teeth  than  when  city  gas  is  used.  When 
gasoline  is  used  alone,  a  current  of  air  from  the  bellows  must  be 
passed  through  the  generator;  this  carries  the  vapor  into  the  com- 
bustion chamber,  mixed  with  the  proper  quantity  of  air.  The  gen- 
erator should  not  be  more  than  half  filled  with  gasoline;  if  filled  too 
full  the  fluid  will  be  forced  up  the  pipe  and  is  liable  to  overflow  and 
ignite  outside  the  furnace.  After  passing  a  current  of  air  through 
the  generator  tot  some  time,  a  heavy  residue  will  accumulate;  this 
should  be  thrown  out,  as  it  will  not  vaporize. 


I 


I 

1  I 


Fig.  1  in  the  engraving  B  indicates  the  manner  of  making  the 
connections  for  the  use  of  gasoline;  here  the  large  size  furnace  is 
phown  standing  on  its  end,  so  that  all  the  connections  may  be  better 
understood. 


Fig.  2  illustrates  the  smaller  size  or"  crown  furnace.  This  is 
especially  adapted  to  do  the  smaller  kinds  of  work,  such  as  fillings, 
sectional  block  work,  and  the  various  kinds  of  crowns,  pivot  teeth, 
etc.  The  operating  of  this  furnace  is  very  easy  and  simple;  in  from 
five  to  ten  minutes  porcelain  can  be  fused  in  the  most  complete  man- 
ner, and  this  with  comparative  ease,  using  the  ordinary  foot  bellows, 
as  seen  in  the  engraving,  and  to  those  who  do  not  care  to  do  contin- 
uous gum- work  it  will  be  by  far  the  most  desirable,  and  entirely 
satisfactory.  Size  of  muffle,  one  and  a  quarter  inches  in  diameter 
and  six  inches  long. 


I  ' 


a  , 


:  I 


TO  REPAIR  ORAOKS  IN  THE  MUFFLE. 

Take  pure  asbestos  fibre  in  an  old  muffle,  heat  it  up  to  about 
the  same  heat  as  it  would  take  to  melt  gold,  say  2200°  F.,  then  mix, 
grind  to  a  powder  in  a  moi-tar,  and  mix  with  two-thirds  more  of 
powdered  fire  clay,  make  into  a  paste  by  the  addition  of  water,  care- 
fully work  this  paste  into  the  cracks  in  the  muffle  and  let  it  dry  by  a 
gradual  heat. 


1  J.I 


i,tei%.,U*^    --      ^    ' 


f  making  the 
ze  furnace  is 
nay  be  better 


i 


lace.  This  is 
ich  as  fillings, 
3,  pivot  teeth, 
nple;  in  from 
jomplete  man- 
f  foot  bellows, 
)  to  do  contin- 
and  entirely 
I  in  diameter 


PLB. 

k  up  to  about 
'  F.,  then  mix, 
airds  more  of 
of  water,  care- 
let  it  dry  by  a 


COUNTER-BLAST  AND  REGULATOR. 

The  importance  of  this  valuable  adjunct  to  Dr.  Land's  furnace 
will  become  the  more  appreciated  as  the  operator  is  made  familiar 
with  the  simple  facts  relating  to  the  philosophy  of  combustion,  and 
to  those  who  will  carefully  investigate,  a  very  rich  and  interesting 
field  is  presented,  not  only  for  the  dentist  but  also  the  chemist,  the 
assayer,  the  metallurgist,  and  the  scientist.  However,  in  this  instance 
I  must  confine  my  efforts  to  dentistry.  The  illustration.  Fig.  A  1,  is 
a  regulator  that  is  attached  to  the  counter-blast  This  device  is  to 
definitely  control  the  quantity  of  air  passing  into  the  muffle.  The 
object  of  forcing  a  current  of  air  into  the  muffle  is  two-fold,  in  one 
instance  the  oxygen  will  unite  with  any  free  carbon  that  might  be 
present,  and  the  counter  pressure  produced  from  the  blower  would 
force  any  foul  gases  out,  even  though  the  muffle  becomes  cracked, 
which  is  liable  to  take  place  eventually  in  every  muffle. 

In  baking  continuous  gum-work,  the  indicator  is  set  at  a  num- 


u 

her  on  tho  dial,  ho  that  in  tho  beginning  of  the  operation  a  very  large 
volume  of  air  enters  the  muffle,  and  is  continued  until  the  tempera- 
ture is  almost  to  a  white  heat,  the  amount  of  air  is  then  gradually 
reduced  by  Uirning  the  indicator  back  to  the  smaller  numbers  d,  4,  D 
etc       Since  the  materials  that   are  incorporated  in  the  bodies  and 
enamels  are  formed  largely  of  oxygen,  in  combination  with  other 
elements,  and  realizing  the  great  affinity  that  carbon  has  for  oxygen, 
it  will  become  apparent  that  the  so-called  gasing  of  porcelain  is  due 
directly  to  the  deoxidizing  properties  of  the  carbon,  which  penetrates 
through  the  muffle  in  the  shape  of  the  fixed  gas  monoxide  of  carbon; 
or  it  may  be  some  unconsumed  hydro-carbon;  in  either  case,  the 
passage  of  a  current  of  air  into  the  muffle  would  convert  any  excess 
of  either  into  dioxide  of  carbon,  and  thus  prevent  any  detrimental 
effects.     The  arrangement  of  parts  provides  a  sure  preventive  of  any 
injurious  effects,  even  though  the  muffle  should  break  down  during 
the  baking  process.     As  there  is  no  available  substance  that  can  take 
the  place  of  well  prepared  fire  clay,   muffles  will  continue  to  be 
made  of  it;  therefore,  this  new  device  is  likely  to  become  a  permanent 
and  necessary  part  of  a  thoroughly  reliable  gas  furnace. 


BAKING  CONTINUOUS  GUM-WORK. 

When  the  first  lot  of  body  is  spread  over  the  plate,  the  piece 
can  be  placed  in  the   cold  muffle,  the  door  closed,  and  thence 
counter-blast  set  at  Fig.  7,  8  or  9.     This  keeps  a  full  and  steady 
supply  of  air  in  the  muffle  until  the  heat  has  increased  to  a  bright 
red  appearance,  or  almost  a  white  heat  can  be  attained.     Then  it 
will  be  time  to  reduce  the  quantity  of  air  by  shifting  the  indicator 
back  to  a  number  where  just  a  small  amount  of  air  is  passing  into  the 
muffle     The  operation  is  then  continued  until  the  body  is  fused  to 
a  partial  glaze.     This  completes  the  first  biscuit.     The  piece  is  then 
removed,  and  as  quick  as  possible  placed  in  a  cold  muffle,  the  air 
excluded  by  closing  the  mouth  with  a  suitable  door  or  stopper.  Here 
it  is  allowed  to  gi-adually  cool,  which  requires  about  twenty  minutes. 
It  is  then  ready  for  the  second  application  of  body.     This  consi^s 
simply   in  filling  up  the  cracks  due  to  the  shrinkage  of  the  body 
when  fused  in  the  first  instance.     It  should  not  occur  in  the  second 
operation.     Any  defects  of  the  first  manipulation  can  be  corrected 
by  adding  additional  body,  all  cracks  being  filled  and  a  t^^^^o^*  «* 
body  spread  over  tiie  entire  first  biscuit.     The  piece  will  be  ready 
for  tiie  second  fusion,   which  should  be  conducted  m  the  same 


^-4. 


16 


n  a  very  large 
the  tempera- 
ben  gradually 
mbers,  3,  4,  5, 
he  bodies  and 
)n  with  other 
as  for  oxygen, 
)rcelain  is  due 
lich  penetrates 
dde  of  carbon; 
her  case,  the 
rert  any  excess 
ly  detrimental 
jventive  of  any 
k  down  during 
le  that  can  take 
jontinue  to  be 
ne  a  permanent 
ice. 


plate,  the  piece 
d,  and  then  the 
full  and  steady 
ased  to  a  bright 
ained.     Then  it 
ng  the  indicator 
passing  into  the 
body  is  fused  to 
he  piece  is  then 
d  muffle,  the  air 
)r  stopper.  Here 
twenty  minutes. 
f.     This  consists 
cage  of  the  body 
5ur  in  the  second 
can  be  corrected 
nd  a  thin  coat  of 
ace  will  be  ready 
sted  in  the  same 


manner  as  the  first.  It  will  then  be  ready  for  the  enamel,  and 
passed  through  the  muffle  following  the  same  directiona  While  it 
may  be  possible  to  fuse  porcelain  in  other  f;a9  furnaces,  without  the 
use  of  a  counter-blast,  and  occasionally  produce  a  fairly  good  piece 
of  work,  it  will  eyentually  be  demonstrated  that  the  current  of  air 
will  always  be  a  necessary  element  in  order  to  obtain  that  rich  color 
so  desirable  to  imitate  the  natural  gum,  and  to  guarantee  toughness 
to  the  porcelain,  and  not  be  made  brittle  from  the  action  of  even  the 
smallest  portion  of  carbon. 


IMPORTANT. 


In  the  use  of  Dr.  Land's  Continuous  Gum  Furnace  it  must  not 
be  supposed  that  the  mere  baking  of  porcelain  dentures  is  its 
greatest  value,  for  where  one  opportunity  of  this  kind  is  needed  five 
hundred  other  opportunities  will  be  presented  for  various  other 
applications  of  dental  porcelain.  In  Dr.  Land's  practice  it  has  been 
thoroughly  demonstrated  that  the  time  has  arrived  when  it  is 
entirely  feasible  to  mould  sections  of  porcelain  into  the  exact  form 
of  the  cavity  of  a  tooth,  and  in  every  case  secure  an  adaptation  of 
about  the  two  thousandth  part  of  an  inch.  These  results  are 
possible  in  every  form  of  the  cavities  in  decayed  t«eth,  starting  from 
the  most  minute  cavity  until  the  entire  tooth  becomes  involved,  and 
with  the  various  shades  of  body  each  tooth  is  imitated  in  shade, 
shape  and  size  to  a  remarkable  degree  of  perfection. 

The  products  of  the  furnace  consist  of  continuous  gum- work 
porcelain  dentures,  the  making  of  any  desired  form  of  teeth  for 
sectional  block  work,  the  changing  of  forms  of  sectional  gum  teeth 
for  rubber  work,  the  making  of  any  desired  form  of  pivot  teeth  or 
any  style  of  tooth  crown  to  be  found  on  the  market,  and  a  variety  of 
original  forms  that  could  not  be  made  as  articles  for  the  trade,  but 
must  always  be  the  result  of  each  dentist's  brain.  The  building  up 
of  roots,  the  enlarging  of  undeveloped  teeth,  porcelain  bridge  work, 
etc.,  are  among  the  most  important  features  of  modem  dental  art 
that  are  made  practicable  with  the  aid  of  a  gas  furnace. 


'r 


t'^ 


\    -I. 


16 

lUprinUd  from  ••  IndepemUnt  Practitioner"  of  Auguit,  1887. 

METALLIC  ENAMEL  COATINGS  AND  FILLINGS. 


Read  Before  the  Central  Dental  Aiaociation  of  Northern  New  Jersey. 


By  Dn.  C.  H.  LAND,  Detroit,  Mich. 


In  the   absence  of    practical   demonstrations   it  is  difficiUt  to 
comprehend  all  the  advantages  brought  about  by  improvements.  The 
accompanying  engravings,  Figs.  1   and  2,  are  taken  from  practical 
cases  that  have  at  this  date  been  in  use  for  one  year.*  In  the  case 
represented  by  Fig.    1,  the  patient  was  about  sixty  years  of  age- 
The  right  lateral  incisor  was  pre- 
pared with  a  Howe  post,  shown 
in  its  relative  position.     The  five 
remaining  teeth,  after  the  cavities 
were    prepared,   contained    tooth 
substance   as  represented  by  the 
dark    surfaces,   the  white   repre- 
senting the  lost  portion  of  each 
tooth,   restored    with   sections  of  fio.  i. 

porcelain  made  to  imitate  the  ex- 
act color  and  contour  of  the  original  tooth  substance.      The  cavities 
are  prepared  as  for  gold  filling,  when  a  thin  piece  of  annealed 
platinum   plate.  No.  35  standard  guage,  is  placed  over  the  tooth, 
and  by  means  of  burnishers  made  to  take  a  perfect  impression  of 
the  outer  rim  of  the  cavity,  after  which  platinum  pins  are  attached 
as  shown  at  A.     The  object  of  the  pins  is  to  serve  as  a  fastening, 
both  for  the  porcelain  paste  or  body  and  as  retainers  to  hold  the 
completed  section  in  the  cavity  of  the  tooth.     The  porcelain  paste 
or  body  is  built  upon  the  platinum  disk  and  made  to  imitate  the 
lost  portion  of  the  tooth.     It  is  then  baked  in  a  gas  furnace,  requir- 
ing but  twenty  minutes  for  the  first  biscuit  and  fifteen  for  the  second, 
and  when  finished  it  appears  as  shown  at  B,  ready  to  be  cemented 
with  oxy-phosphate.     C  and  D  are  modifications  for  the  other  teeth, 
and  Fig.  2  iuastrates  porcelain  facings  for  molars. 

The  especial  feature  of  this  system,  to  which  I  wish  to  call  your 
attention,  is  the  large  amount  of  tooth  substance  preserved  above 
the  gum,  there  being  no  necessity  for  telescoping  the  root  so  far 
below  as  to  sever  the  tissues.      This  mode  of  practice  also  dispenses 

*August,|1888,  BtlU  in  excellent  condition. 


■ki 


■vi>^>isia:K^SMI»- 


1,  1887. 

.LINGS. 

1  New  Jeri'^y. 


ia  difficult  to 
»vement8.  The 
from  practical 
*  In  the  case 
years  of  age* 


The  cavities 
ce  of  annealed 
over  the  tooth, 
)  impreBsion  of 
ns  are  attached 
as  a  fastening, 
lers  to  hold  the 
porcelain  paste 
e  to  imitate  the 
Eurnace,  requir- 
L  for  the  second, 
to  be  cemented 
the  other  teeth, 

nsh  to  call  your 

preserved  above 

the  root  so  far 

se  also  dispenses 


Krfi.  2. 


17 

with  the  long  operationn  and  pro 
tra<!te<l  nne  of  the  rublwr  dam;  it 
almost  entirely  obvintoH  the  use  of 
amalgam,  and  saves  the  nocessity 
for  large  gold  fillingH;  there  is  no 
malloting,  no  long  and  tediouH 
operation  either  for  tho  patient  or 
dentist,  while  at  the  same  time 
teeth  are  perfectly  restored  both 
in  appearance  and  usefulness. 


There  is  another  advantage  in  the  use  of  the  enam(«l  coatings 
which  is  not,  in  my  opinion,  a  trivial  matter.  When  large  metallic 
fillings  are  inserted,  the  constant  thermal  changes  consequent  upon 
their  alternate  heating  and  cooling  must  exercise  an  unfavorable 
influence  upon  the  tissues  about  the  tooth.  Even  if  tho  pulp  is 
dead  and  the  root  be  filled,  there  will  be  a  checking  and  fracture  of 
the  tooth  in  time  from  the  continually  varying  changes  of  tempera- 
ture. An  inflammation  of  the  membranes  will  also  be  likely  to 
occur  from  the  same  cause,  and  thus  the  tooth  will  in  time  be  lost 
from  the  mere  influence  of  the  presence  of  a  large  mass  of  metal. 

It  is  also  a  fact  that  large  gold  fillings  cannot  be  inserted  with- 
out so  much  malleting  that  the  strength  of  the  tooth  is  gone,  and 
frail  walls  are  cracked  beyond  the  possibility  of  repair.  These 
dangers  are  all  obviated  by  the  iise  of  the  porcelain  fillings,  while 
teeth  so  restored  are  much  more  natural  in  feeling  and  more  grateful 
to  the  touch  of  the  tongue  than  any  metallic  filling  can  be. 


Reprinted  from  the  "Independent  Practitioner,"  February,  1887. 

METALLIC  ENAMEL  SECTIONS,  A  NEW  SYSTEM  FOR 

FILLING  TEETH. 


By  Or.  C.  H.  LAND,  Detroit,  Mioh. 


In  the  July  number  of  the  Independent  Practitioner,  a 
description  is  given  of  my  new  process  of  coating  badly  decayed 
teeth.  In  addition  to  this,  I  have  devised  a  means  of  filling  teeth 
with  prepared  sections  of  porcelain,  or  it  may  be  designated  as  a 
system  of   partial  crown  work.     By  reference  to  the  engravings. 


18 

FifjH.  2,  7,  10,  12  and  15,  there  will  \w  Hot<u  cbHrmteriMtic  coiulitionH 
o(  decay  siutahlo  f«)r  thiH  claHH  of  work.  FigH.  2  and  7  are  the  pro 
pared  caviti(.H  on  anterior  wides  of  molars.  The  manner  of  procednro 
iH  to  burniah  a  thin  piece  of  annealed  platinum  plate  into  the  cavity. 
ThiH  takoH  a  perfect  impreHsion  of  itH  ontlineH.  The  Biirplns  edjri's 
are  trimmed  off  and  platinum  pins  attached,  UHinjr  pure  ^old  loaf 
for  Holder.     He^^   FigH.  3  and  4.     The  piuH  Her\e  as  a  ra^ toning, 


A^^  ^2p 


both  to  Hecure  the  completed  section  in  place  and  as  retuinors  for 
the  porcelain  body.  Figs.  5  and  8  illustrate  the  (;omploted  sections, 
showing  contour  of  the  originjd  shape  of  the  lost  portion  of  the 
natural  tooth.  Figs.  1  and  6  are  prepared  sections  cemented  in 
place.  t  ., 

Having  secured  the  prepared  sec- 
tions as  shown  in  Figs.    3   and  4, 
porcelain  paste  or  body  is  built  upon 
them  and  carved  so  as  to  imitate  the 
original  contour  of  the  lost  portion 
of  the  tooth,   as  shown   in   Figs.  5 
and  8.     They  ai'e  then  placed  on  a 
bed  of  silex  and  fused-  in  a  gas  fur 
nace.     This  requires  twenty  minutes 
for  the  first  biscuit  and  fifteen  for 
the  second.     When  completed,  they 
will  be  a  reproduction  in  porcelain  of 
the  lost  parts  of  the  natural  organs, 
resembling  nature  perfectly,  both  in 
color  and  shape.      They  are    then 


•?T*?? 


10 


itic  roiulitioiiH 
?  are  the  pro 
r  of  piocpdnro 
it<)  tlu<  ciiviJy. 
Biirplus  (hIjti'h 
uro  >?ol(l  loiif 
i  11   fiihtouiiig, 


Hp 


118  retainorH  for 

ploted  Hedtions, 

portion  of  tho 

UB  cemented  in 

e  prepared  sec- 
'igs.    3   and  4, 
ly  is  built  upon 
18  to  imitate  the 
he  lost  portion 
)wn   in   Figs.  5 
en  placed  on  a 
)d-  in  a  gas  fur 
twenty  minutes 
and  fifteen  for 
completed,  they 
I  in  porcelain  of 
natural  organs, 
jrfectly,  both  in 
They   are    then 


18  18 


20 


OMiiKiitod  ill 
Mu<  ciivity,  ei 
Ihor  with  gut 
ta-pi'rcha  till 
ing  or  oxy  phoBphatit  coiucnt.  When  tlio 
anterior  side  of  ii  itiolur  or  bicuspid  is  dt>('ayi<d, 
as  shown  in  Figs.  10  and  I'l,  tho  onaiiiol  front 
or  vtuieer,  13,  is  added  to  the  porcelain  body, 
luid  when  completed  it  will  appear  as  shown  in  Fig.  1  t.  This 
veneer  serves  as  a  ready  and  efficient  means  of  swuring  tho  proper 
shiidt*  and  contour  of  each  class  of  teeth;  To  those  who  are  not 
fumiliar  with  the  use  of  a  gas  furnace  this  class  of  work  mity  seem 
ditHcult,  Imt  a  little  experience  with  the  modern  appliancea  now 
within  the  reach  of  every  dentist,  makes  the  operation  a  compara- 
tively Him|>le  and  easy  one.  Figs.  17,  bS,  H)  and  20  art'  a  modilicti 
tion.  Fig.  17  represents  a  tooth  filled  witli  gold,  having  two  pins 
attached.  Fig.  IN  is  a  platinum  disk,  with  tubes  adjusted  to 
correspond  to  the  position  of  the  pins  in  Fig.  17.  l'oic(0ain  body 
is  built  about  the  tulles,  and  when  fused  in  the  furnuce  the  whole 
will  form  a  j)orc«*lain  crown  as  shown  in  Fig.  IW.  Fig.  20  illustrates 
the  relativt*  ^)osition  of  the  tubes,  which  are  designed  to  form 
countersinks  for  the  pins  in  Fig.  17.  When  cemented  in  place,  it 
makes  a  very  durable  and  beautiful  piece  of  work.  Fig.  Irtisan 
incisor  construct«'d  in  a  similar  manner.  From  this  will  be  seen  the 
great  advantage  of  being  able  to  have  the  porcelain  in  a  plastic 
state,  as  it  enables  the  dentist  to  perfectly  adapt  the  form  of  eacih 
peculiar  case  with  the  utmost  precision,  and  this  could  not  be  so 
admirably  done  with  manufacture*!  crowns.  j 

In  bringing  this  new  mode  of  practice  to  the  notice  of  the  den- 
tal profession,  I  wish  to  call  especial  attention  to  the  lai-ge  amount 
of  tooth  substance  preserved.  In  nearly  all  the  modern  systtnns  of 
crown  work  there  seems  to  bo  too  much  good  tooth  material  cut 
away,  and  I  think  a  careful  investigation  will  demonstrate  this  new 
process  to  be  far  superior,  making  it  possible  to  save  the  greater 
portion  of  the  crown,  it  not  being  necessary  to  cut  beneath  the  gum. 
In  nearly  every  case,  sufficient  tooth  substance  can  be  retained  to 
preserve  the  pulp  alive,  and  when  the  teeth  are  devitalized,  the 
major  portions  of  the  crown  can  be  left  intact,  serving  for  retaining 
purposes  and  making  it  unnecessary,  in  the  majority  of  ceases,  to 
resort  to  screws  or  posts.  Fig.  10  illustrates  a  section  of  poi<!eluin 
adjusted  to  a  central  incisor,  which,  whtni  carefully  done,  makes  a 
very  acceptable  piece  of  work.      Although  the  joint  may  sometimes 


20 

Ih.   ,-„i,Hpini..iis,   it   iH   r.ot   noiirly    ««   nHich  h<.  nn  h  -liirinK  pi.'.'..  ..f 

Th.>  rmim.roiiH  (.pportiuiitioH  prpneiitwi  in  which  thin  ponvhiiii 
pniTPHH  will  pruvo  to  Ik.  of  «r..at  vnhi.',  ih  iilmont  without  limit,  ami 
biiH  .'nal.hnl  n...  to  prnctico  .lontiHtry  on  an  ontiroly  n.w  Immn,  hh 
that  to  (lay  1  oat.  Hay  t.v  my  pationt^  that  thoir  tooth  can  Iw  i..«rfi.ctly 
roHtoml.  I«)tb  in  appoaranc  Hticl  nw.fulnoHH,  no  n.att».r  how  l.a.Uy 
thf.y  aro  .l.'cny..a.  No  pnlpH  will  ho  <l..Htroyo(l.  aiul  very  littio  tooth 
HuhHtance  r.oe.l  Ih.  rnt  away.  The  une  ..f  th..  rubber  .Ian.  ih 
lar^ioly  .liHponmxl  with  ;  thero  are  no  lon^  and  tcdiouH  inalU'tinR 
opprntiouH  an  in  hir^o  «oUl  fiUinRH,  and  no  use  for  anial«ani.  yet  the 
teeth  can  bo  perf.H!tly  reHU>red  in  Hhape,  color  and  Hize,  with  very 
little  pain  or  fatigue  either  t«  the  ojwrator  or  patient. 


FILLING  TEETH  WITH  SECTIONS  OF  PORCELAIN. 

('ATtNTro  Dbckmiikh  80th,  IHHT. 

starting  from  the  HinHllest  sized  approxiinal  cjivitioH  in  the 
teeth,  it  in  now  poHHible  to  restore  the  i)roper  color  iu  the  most 
perfect   manner;    and  when  we   take  into  conBideration    that   this 

proceHH  can  be  continued  until 
the   entire   tooth    becomes   in- 
volved, also  that  an  th(.  pro<?rees 
of  decay  bticomes  more  HorioUH 
this   work    bocomea    the   moHt 
effectual,  constant  practice  has 
shown  that  while  the  araaller 
cavities  may  not  bo  as  reliable 
Hs  gold,  and  that  in  this  class 
of  work  they  are  more  ditRcnlt 
to  insert,  yet  in  many  instances 
nothing  could  be  more  desirable 
as  a  means  to  restore  the  proper 
appearance  and    thus  conceal 
Plate  b.  the  defects  of  decay.     Finally 

we  have  this  consolation,  to  know  that  when  our  best  efforts  in 
approximal  gold  fillings  have  failed,  that  when  all  -our  best  contour 
work  has  repeatedly  given  out,  and  but  a  skeleton  of  a  tooth  left, 


I 


•t 


bin  porcoluiii 
nt  litiiit,  nml 
now  ImsiH,  ho 
1  l)o  |»«ift>ctly 
nr  how  liiully 
ry  littlo  tooth 
)her  (Iniii  Ih 
DUH  mnUotinR 
l^^ain,  yet  the 
ize,  with  very 


)ROELAIN. 


^viticH  iti  tho 
•  iu  tho  moHt 
ion  that  thifi 
3ntinuo<l  until 
becomes  iu- 
iH  th»<  proj^resH 
«  more  HorioUH 
oaea  the  moni, 
it  practice  hiiH 
le  the  anialler 

bo  as  reliable 
it  in  this  chiBH 
I  more  diflBcult 
many  instances 
I  more  desirable 
tore  the  proper 
thus  conceal 
lecay.     Finally 

best  efforts  in 
ur  best  contour 

of  a  tooth  left, 


that  it  JM  then  mu'  }>iM  and 

iiiKMi  t'tToctniil  work  iM^^iuH 
I'late  A  illuBtrfttes  decay 

on  tho  audrior  HnrfacM,  j>rp 

Montiiif^  an  cxi  **!!ont  oppor 

tuiiity  for  tliis  cla«K  of  work. 

Soo   Plate   B,  Hhowing   mm-- 

tiims  or  |iorcolain  comontod 

in  tho  cavity;  and,  althon^^h  I'iuk  u 

thoontlinoH  of  tho  joint  may  be  Homowhalp«)i'opiiblo,  it  is  not  uoarly 

HO  conMpi(;uouH  aH  tooth  tilled  with  ^uid  or  amalgam,  and  when  care 

is  taktMi  to  make  a  close  joint  they  are  almost  iinpor('o[>tibl<>. 

IMato  C  illuHtratos  other  mmliticatiotiH,  sliowiii^j  a  sli^fht  irru^ti 

larity.     Impurfections  of  this  character  can  lie  (iorroctod  and  made 

to  appear  as  H««on  in  IMate  D. 

'I'he  manner  of  securing  a  practical  and  durablo  fastonin^,'  dovico 

is  shown  in  Plate  E.     The  cavity  is  propannl  as  soon  in  Fij;;.  M.      A 

thin  piece  of  platinum  is 
burnished  into  tho  cavity, 
and  then  holes  are  drilled 
through  this  matrix,  through 
which  (ilatinum  pins  are 
passed.  A  piece  of  wax  is 
then  pressed  on  to  the  pins 
and  the  matrix.  This  holds 
I'uATB  1)  lioth  in  position  until  invest 

ment.     When  the  wax  is  removed  and  porcelain  body  put  in  its 

place,  and  when  completed,  would  appear  as  seen  below. 

1  2  3 


I'J.AIK    K. 


I'l.ATK  IV, 


Fig.  3,  Plate  IV,  illustrates  the  appearance  of  the  prepared 
cavity  and  the  completed  section  ready  for  adjustment.  It  will  be 
observed  that  in  the  preparation  of  the  cavity  it  is  cut  abrupt  in 
order  to  avoid  any  thin  edges  of  the  porcelain.  See  Figs,  2  and  3 
in  Plate  V. 


1  LATK    V, 


Tho  sectioriH  of  porcelain  aro 
preparetl  in  tlie  following  manner: 
First  prepare  the  cavity,  and  tben 
bnrnish  a  thin  piece  of  annealed 
platinum  plate  into  the  cavity. 
This  will  form  a  mold  or  matrix— 
a  metallic  inipre.ssion  —  the  exact 
counterpart  of  the  cavity  ii'  the 
tooth.  A^■hen  the  matrix  is  established  in  place  in  tho  cavity  of  the 
tootli,  three  holes  are  drilled  through  the  prepared  matrix  and  into 
the  dentine  of  the  tooth.  Platinum  pins  are  tl>en  passed  through 
the  matrix  and  into  the  holes  in  the  dentine.  Wax  or  moulding 
compound  is  then  pressed  into  the  matrix.  This  adheres  to  the 
matrix  and  the  pins,  and  holds  them  in  their  exact  position  ready 
for  investment. 

The  investment  is  composed  of  equal  parts  of  asl)estos  and  plas- 
ter of  Paris.     This  will 'hold  the  pins  in  place  during  the  baking. 


PORCELAIN  FILLINGS  AND  OKOWN  SECURED  BY 
SCREWS  AND  ANCHORING  DEVICES. 

Plate  VI.,  Fig.  1,  illustrates  screw  passing  through  the  porcelain 
and  into  a  nut  that  is  held  in  place  by  means  of  oxyphosphate 
cement.  This  establishes  the  nut  firmly  in  position,  and  the  screw 
can  serve  as  a  very  substantial  means  for  securing 
~  the  section  of  porcelain  in  place.  In  some  instances 
it  might  be  of  advantage  to  use  a  solution  of  gutta- 
percha between  the  filling  and  the  wall  of  the  cav- 
ity, and  thus  have  an  indestructible  cement  that 
W  \l     will  not  wash  out;  or  this  section  can  be  forced  on 

plati:  VI.         to  a  lining  of  sponge  gold,  Eobinson's  felt  foil,  etc. 


CEMENTS. 
There  seems  to  be  a  great  want  of  confidence  in  the  stability  of 
cements,  and  the  smiirising  feature  of  this  outcry,  is  especially 
directed  against  the  introduction  of  this  new  process,  just  as  though 
there  could  be  any  practical  difference  between  the  same  application 
of  '^e  cements  in  this  particular  instance  and  the  various  other 
methods  that  are  constantly  practiced,  and  which  are  the  mainstay  of 
some  of  tho  most  expensive  and  valuable  results  in  modern  dental 


cavity  of  the 
itrix  and  into 
ssed  through 

or  moulding 
dheroa  to  the 
yosition  ready 

stos  and  plas- 
,he  baking. 


URED  BY 

IS. 

the  porcelain 
oxyphoaphate 
ind  the  screw 
8  for  securing 
3orao  instances 
ition  of  gutta- 
'ull  of  the  cav- 
5  cement  that 
I  be  forced  on 
B  felt  foil,  etc. 


the  stability  of 
y,  is  especially 

just  as  though 
ime  application 
e  various  other 
the  mainstay  of 

modern  dental 


W  D 


l'I,ATBi  VII. 


23 

art.  AVhon  wo  take  into  consideration  that  our  whole  system  of 
crowning,  conii)rising  upwards  of  twenty  eight  various  methods,  are 
almost  entirely  dependent  upon  the  cements  for  their  proper  adjnst- 
nu'nt,  will  it  not  Iw  glaringly  apparent  that  either  wo  are  guilty  of 
falsifying  to  our  patients  in  representing  the  penuanency  of  bridge 
work  and  all  our  crown  work,  else  those  who  challenge  the  durability 
of  an  improved  modification  of  tlie  same  principles,  are  blindly 
pipjudiced. 

However,  in  order  to   accommodate   the   most  incredulous,  the 
following  devices  may  be  of  interest :     (See  Fig  1,  Plate  YII.)  The 

cavity  No.  1  is  lined  with  a  gold 
matrix  as  represented  at  Fig.  2. 
This  has  been  formetl  by  burnish 
ing  a  piece  of  platinum  foil  into 
the  cavity.  It  is  then  removed  and 
gold  plate  fused  over  the  snrfact" 
by  the  aid  of  the  blow-pipe.  Thin 
will  form  a  gold  and  platinum  lining  that  conforms  to  the  exaci; 
outlines  of  the  cavity.  A  hole  is  drilled  in  the  center,  through 
which  a  screw  passes  as  shown  in  Fig.  1.  The  screw  is  provided 
with  a  shoulder,  which  is  intended  to  force  the  matrix  on  to  a 
solution  of  gutta-percha,  or  it  may  be  asphaltum,  sponge  gold, 
Robinson's  felt  foil,  or  any  other  indestructible  material.  The 
object  is  to  lirst  establish  a  thoroughly  reliable  foundation  for  the 
section  of  porcelain  as  seen  in  Fig.  3.  Fig.  4  indicates  the  com- 
pleted work,  the  section  being  secured  with  oxy-phoaphate  cement. 
The  latter  material  being  between  two  indestructible  surfaces,  will 
bo  of  little  consequence  if  a  portion  should  become  disintegrated. 

Fig.  VIII  illustrates  an  incis- 
or manipulated  in  the  same  5 
manner.  Fig.  2  in  this  drawing  ^7^2) 
illustrates  the  matrix,  5,  adjusted 
over  the  screw  post,  as  seen  in 
Fig.  1.  Fig.  3  is  the  completed 
tooth  crown,  which  is  made  in  the  i'latk  viii. 

following  manner  :  The  matrix,  5,  forms  the  base  or  support  on 
which  to  build  the  porcelain  body.  This,  when  mixed  with  a 
sufficient  quantity  of  rain-water — preferred  on  account  of  having 
no  lime  in  it,  or  distilled  water  can  be  had  of  your  druggist— to 
form  into  a  stiff  putty  or  paste,  in  this  plastic  condition  the  body 
can  be  moulded  or  carved  into  any  desired  shape.  The  body  is 
built  on  the  matrix,  5,  in  the  shape  as  seen  in  Fig.  3.     It  is  then 


u 

placed  in  the  muffle  of  the  furnace  and  fused.     When  removed  from 

the  muffle  it  is  then  placed  in  a  cold  muffle  and  the  air  excluded 

until  sufficiently  cool,  and  when  removed  a  shrinkage  of  about  one 

fifth  in   bulk  will   have  taken   place.     This  is  known  as  the  first 

biscuit.     It  will  also  be  observed  that  cracks  have  formed  ;    in  some 

instances  the  body  has  separated  from  the  matrix.     These  inevitablo 

results  make  it  necessary  to  resort  to  the  second  biscuit.    A  quantity 

of  body  is  mixed  to  a  creamy  consistency.     This  is  carefully  jarred 

into  the  cracks,  and  in  order  to  keep  it  from  flowing  out  a  clean  and 

dry   napkin  is  pressed    against    the   surface.      This  absorbs   the 

excessive  moisture,  and  then  it  will  be  comparatively  easy  to  mould 

the  stiffer  body  and  restore  the  original  carving.     It  is  again  passed 

through  the  furnace,  and  should  come  out  almost  a  perfect  tooth  in 

shape.      But  in  order  to  imitate  the  natural  expression  with  greater 

precision,  the  anterior  surface  of  this  prepared  base  is  ground  off 

sufficiently  to  make  room  for  a  prepared  veneer,  a  front  having  the 

proper  blending  of  color  and  shading  to  correspond  with  its  natural 

neighbor,    a  more  precise  manner  than  could  be  accomplished  by 

depending  on  the  mere  individual   carving  and    shading  before 

fusion. 


FOEMING  THE  MATRIX-Plate  IX. 

A  piece  of  plat- 
inum, No.  60,  is 
prepared  as  seen  at 
A.  The  hole  in  the 
center  is  somewhat 
smaller  than  the 
tulie,  E.  By  means 
of  the  small  point- 
ed instrument,  as- 
bestos fibre  is  made 
into     a     rope     as 

shown  at  B.      The  P"-*™  ix. 

tube,  E,  is  then  passed  over  the  fibre  as  indicated  at  C,  and  when 
pa(!ked  by  means  of  the  instrument  it  will  appear  as  seen  at  D. 
This  will  be  found  a  very  convenient  and  rapid  method  of  holding 
the  platinum  tube  firmly  in  position  while  soldering  it  to  the  base. 


moved  from 
lir  excluded 
:  about  one- 

ac  the  first 
d  ;  in  some 
le  inevitable 

A  quantity 
jfully  jarred 

a  clean  and 
absorbs  the 
Lsy  to  mould 
igain  passed 
feet  tooth  in 
with  greater 
B  ground  off 
t  having  the 
h  its  natural 
mplished  by 
iding   before 


C,  and  when 
as  seen  at  D. 
)d  of  holding 
bo  the  base. 


26 

PLATINUM  PINS. 

Plate  X  illustrates  a  new  form  of 
double-headed  platinum  pins  especially 
designed  for  the  new  process,   and  other 

O  applications,  as  an  important  aid  to  dental 
operations.  In  the  engraving  they  are 
shown  soldered  to  a  gold  clasp  which  is 
intended  for  rubber  work.  Also  they  are 
PLAT«  X.  shown  attached  to  both  sides  of  a  metallic 

matnx.  They  are  a  very  useful  device  for  attaching  rubber  to  gold 
plates,  etc.  Both  heads  are  perfecUy  flat,  and  are  designed  to  stand 
on  end  without  danger  of  falling  during  the  process  of  solderina 

Plate  XI  illustrates 
anchoring  device.  By 
reference  to  Fig.  ]  it  will 
be  observed  that  gold 
nuts  have  been  previously 
imbedded  in  the  body  of 

the  cement.      The  screws  p^^.^  ^i. 

are  shown  as  being  engaged  with  them  and  into  the  tubes  provided 
for  their  reception,  in  the  body  of  the  crown.  Notice  that  the 
screw  posts  are  provided  with  a  shoulder.  This  is  intended  to  force 
the  metallic  plate,  Fig.  5,  on  to  a  surface  of  indestructible  material 
The  platinum  matrix,  4,  is  designed  to  tit  over  the  posts,  as  seen  in 
Fig.  2,  and  when  the  porcelain  is  added,  will  resemble  Fig.  3.  Fig. 
6  is  the  completed  tooth  crown. 


A  SYSTEM  OP  PARTIAL  GROWN  WORK. 

Patbntbd  December  ao,  1887. 

These  improvements  have  developed  a  new  and  practical  method 
of  preparing  and  attaching  artificial  sections  of  teeth  which  may  be 
appropriately  designated  as  partial  crowns.     From  a  series  of  differ 
ent  shades  of  porcelain  body,  these 
sections  can  be  made  to  imitate 
the  various  colors  of  the  natural 
teeth  perfectly.     Fig.  1,  Plate  A, 
illustrates  a  bicuspid  with  anterior 
portion  of  the  natural  tooth  intact, 
having  Howe  post  attached.     Fig. 
2   represents   a   platinum    matrix  i^te  a. 


n  m 


1 


J 


26 

that  U».  !«„  c„,et»ny  mtM  a.»nt  th»  ,.»t  »»,.  b,.™.W  to  lb. 

l<K>th.     I'll?.  3  illa-trat...  the  .pl.ro:t.m«l»  .urla.'.'  o[  mal.u,  -!»« 

ing    conntor-sink    for    tho 

post  or  scrtiw,  and  on  the 

anterior   siile   part   of   the 

fused   porcelain   body  can 

be  seen.    This  formH  a  com 

l>lete    section  ready  to   be     ^  ^  i'latk  b. 

Lented  to  the  tooth,  as  shown  in  Fig.  4.     From  F.gs.  I  to  ...  ,n 

Plate  B,  are  rao<liticationfi  of  the  same  for  molars. 


2  3  4 


19^^ 


IMPORTANT. 

Plate  C  will  be  interesting 
from  the  fact  that,  it  demon- 
strates a  practical  means  of 
adjusting  a  porcelain  section 
without  resorting  to  posts  or 
screws,  and  is  especially  ap- 
propriate  where  the  pulp  has  not  been  desixoyed.  Fig.  ^  -P™-;^^ 
anterior  side  of  n^olars,  showing  the  prepared  cavity.     I  ig.  -  .^  the 

'^1:The"inSiorof  this  will  be  seen  a  piece  of  platinum  in  the 
form  of  a  pyramid.  This  has  been  soldered  to  the  matnx,  and  >s 
n  ended  trform  a  countersink  in  the  completed  section,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  4.  Fig.  3  is  the  completed  section  showing  anterior  surface, 
and  Fiir.  5  i«  the  section  cemented  in  the  tooth.  „  ;,  ,    „ 

lleferring  to  Fig.  1  in  this  engraving,  attention  is  called  to  the 
fact  that  where  a  cavity  is  deep  and  the  |  2        3  4 

angles  are  abrupt,  that  no  countei-smks    f-^:^    ,^     ^     f  J*-. 

or  screws  are  needed;  also  that  after  the 

mati-ix  has  served  tho  piirpose  of  form 

ing  the  section,  the  platinum  is  removed. 

This  leaves  a  section  of  porcelain  the 

exact  counterpart  of  the  cavity.     When       _ 

cemented    in  place  woiUd    appear    as  mT«  u. 

^'"Xl:  E^st  modiiicatioa  of  the  same  proc..  involving  tw. 

third   of  the  crown  of  a  molar.     Fig.  1  indicates  that  about  one-th    d 

St  crown  is  left  intact,  showing  ^arge  cavity  prepared  with  ^  t^ 

lu  nn.lercuts      Fig.  2  is  platinum  foil  No.  60.     This  Has    been 


islipd  to  tlio 
latrix,  show- 
5 


28, 


I.  I  to  T),  ill 


be  interesting 
hat  it  demon 
ical  meaoH  of 
rcelaiu  section 
Bg  to  posts  or 
especially  ap- 
f.  1  represents 
Fig.  2  is  the 

latinuni  in  the 
matrix,  and  is 
tion,  as  shown 
iterior  surface. 

s  called  to  the 

3  4 


I.ATB  I). 

involving  two- 
about  one-third 

pared  with  snit- 
This  has   been 

len  the  prepared 


87 

countersink,  Fig.  3,  which,  it  will  be  observed,  has  a  large-headed 
platinum  pin  sold(*red  in  the  interior.  This  prepared  counterflink 
I  2  3         4  5,6 


Platb  E. 


is  then  carefully  laid  on  the  burnished  piece  of  platinum,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  4.  Body  is  then  built  about  it  and  fused  in  the  gas  furnace, 
and  would  appear  as  seen  in  Figs.  5  and  0.  By  carefully  burnishing 
the  platinum  to  the  surface  of  the  tooth,  every  little  indentation  is 
nnpressed  on  the  surface;  in  fact,  the  platinum  takes  a  perfect 
impression  of  tlie  tooth.  Notice  that  the  countei-sink.  Fig.  3,  is 
simply  laid  on  the  jilatinum,  and  not  soldered  to  it,  so  that  when  the 
porcelain  body  has  been  fused  the  platinum  can  be  peeled  off.  This 
leaves  the  approximate  surface  of  the  crown  the  exact  counterpart  of 
the  horizontal  surface  of  the  natural  tooth.  The  countersink  being 
embedded  in  the  central  portion,  the  adaptation  can  be  made  remark 
ably  perfect.  The  cavity  in  the  tooth  and  the  countersink  in  the 
crown  is  then  filled  with  cement,  and  the  two  pressed  together  and 
allowed  to  harden,  making  a  very  desirable  and  durable  piece  of 
work. 


A  DEVITALIZED  CENTRAL  INOISOR. 

Patented  Jdly  l()rH,  188S. 
No.  1  illustrates  the  anterior  surface  reduced  about  one-half  the 
thickness  of  the  tooth;  Fig.  L  is  platinum  matrix;  Fig.  M,  porcelain 
veneer;  Fig.  3  is  platinum  matrix  and  veneer  fused  together;  Fig 
I  .2         3 


Plate  F. 

2,  the  same  adjusted  to  the  tooth.  This  has  proved  to  be  a  very 
satisfactory  method  of  restoring  the  color  of  teeth,  in  place  of  the 
usual  mode  of  bleaching. 


28 


Reprinted  from  l/w  ' '  Independent  Praelitioner  "  of  August,  1886. 

A  NEW  SYSTEM  OF  RESTOEING  BADLY  DECAYED  TEETH   BY 
MEANS  OF  AN  ENAMELED  METALLIC  COATING. 


By  Dk.  C.  H.  land,  Dbtroit,  Mioh. 

This  invention  consists  of  a  coating  of  platinum  made  to  lit  the 
ontside  of  the  teeth,  after  which  the  anterior  surface  is  coated  with 
a  porcelain  enamel  front,  made  to  imitate  the  natural  organs  so 
perfectly  that  the  art  is  concealed.  Many  of  the  long  and  tedious 
operations,  where  it  has  been  deemed  necessary  to  insert  large  and 
conspicuous  gold  fillings,  may  by  this  process  be  avoided,  while 

better  results  are  attained. 

Fig.  21  is  a  typical  case,  where 
in  place  of  inserting  the  usual  gold 
fillings,  the  anterior  surface  may  be 
^^^^^  reduced  by  means  of    small   corun 

/    lnBnll9^K^\^S.  ^   dum  wheels  used  in  the  dental  engine, 
U'#B-j(__J^[iiJU'  ^  indicated    in  Figures   1   and    2, 

F'"  «»  Plate  A. 

Fig.  13,  Plate  B,  is  the  prepared  crown,  ready  for  adjustment 
to  the  same  by  the  use  of  oxy-phosphate  cement.     Fig.  22  repre 
sents  a  typical  case  of   undeveloped  lateral  incisors,  which  can  be 
enlarged  to  the  proper  size  by  the  same  means. 

Fig.  4,  Plate  A,  represents  a  decayed  molar.  Fig.  8  is  the 
same  prepared  to  receive  the  amalgam  filling,  which,  when  suffi- 
ciently hard,  is  prepared  as  shown  in  Fig.  12,  ready  to  have  the 
crown.  Fig.  16,  cemented  to  it  with  oxy-phosphate  cement.  Fig.  9 
is  a  central  incisor.  Fig.  10  is  a  cuspid  and  Fig.  11  a  bicuspid. 
Figs.  13,  14  and  15,  the  crowns  ready  for  adjustment.  Those  who 
object  to  the  use  of  amalgam  may.  use  white  cement  or  gutta-percha 
for  fastening. 

The  manner  of  procedure  in  the 
case  of  devitalized  and  discolored 
incisors  is  first  to  prepare  the  teeth 
as  shown  in  Plate  A,  Figs.  1  and 
2.  Then  a  thin  piece  of  platinum 
plate,  No.  30,  standard  guage, 
should  be  fitted    accurately  to  tie  Fig.sbj. 

tooth,  forming  a  hollow  shell.  Enamel  fronts  are  now  ground  to 
tit,  as  shown  in  Figs.  17,  18,  19  and  20;  after  whi:!i  fu./  are  fused 
to  the  platinum  in  the  same  manner  as  continuous  gum  work,  by 


1986. 
TEETH   BY 


ade  to  tit  the 

I  coated  with 
:al  organs  so 
;  and  tedious 
jrt  large  and 
roided,  while 

case,  where 
e  usual  gold 
rface  may  be 
small  corun- 
lental  engine, 
)s   1   and    2, 

)r  adjustment 
ig.  22  repre 
which  can  be 

?ig.  8  is  the 
1,  when  suffi- 
y  to  have  the 
nent.     Fig.  9 

II  a  bicuspid, 
i.  Those  who 
•  gutta-percha 


Si. 

low  ground  to 
h«.  /  are  fused 
gum  work,  by 


99 

iieing  a  porcelain  body  prepared  expressly  for  the  purpose.  By  thp 
use  of  Land's  Gas  Furnace  this  can  be  done  in  ten  minutes.  The 
enamel  fronts  and  body  are  also  manufactured  and  for  sale  by  the 
Wilmington  Dental  Manufacturing  Go. 

F\{f.  9  represents  a  central  incisor  built  up  with  amalgam  or 
cement,  to  which  the  platinum  is  closely  fitted,  after  which  the 
enamel  front.  Fig.  17,  is  ground  to  fit  and  fused  to  the 'shell,  as 
Hhown  in  Fig.  13,  ready  for  adjustment  to  Fig.  9.  Figs.  10,  11  and 
12  are  modifications  for  canine,  bicuspid  and  molars,  ready  to  receive 
the  prepared  coatings,  Nos.  14,  15  and  10. 


Plate  A. 


In  introducing  this  clasq  of  work  to  the  dental  profession,  a 
means  is  afforded  through  which  a  much  better  artistic  effect  can 
be  attained  and  the  preservation  of  a  larger  amount  of  tooth  struc 
ture  be  secured.  Add  to  this  the  fact  that  there  is  but  very  little 
pain  or  fatigue,  either  for  the  patient  or  operator,  and  it  will  l)e 
doubly  appreciated. 

During  the  past  year  tins  class  of  work  has  been  thoroughly 
tested  as  to  durability  and  found  to  be  much  more  reliable  than  gold 
fillings.  In  large  contour  work  the  frail  walls  of  the  tooth  must  be 
the  main  dependence  of  support,  while  with  the  hollow  shell  the 
weak  tooth  is  held  together.  Thus  it  will  be  seen  how  much  more 
complete  is  the  preservation  of  tooth  substance,  it  not  being  neces 
sary  to  make  undercuts  or  retaining  pits. 

A  young  lady  recently  presented  herself  with  both  central 
incisors  broken  off  by  accident,  the  left  one  having  lost  about  half 
its  crown,  with  complete  exposure  of  the  pulp,  the  right  one  having 
only  about  one-sixth  of  its  substance  gona     Her  teeth  were  unusually 


80 

woll  preHorvod,  while  they  were  large  and  (jiiite  connpicnioUH,  The 
right  ct^ntral  was  oanily  restored  to  a  good  contour  by  a  httle  {jriud- 
ing.  The  left,  after  necesHary  treatment,  was  simply  ^jronnd  down 
njOTn  the  anterior  surface,  an  operation  demanding  Iobh  than  ten 
niinntes  of  time.  In  twenty  minutes  more  a  platinum  overcoat  was 
litted  to  it,  and  the  enamel  front  ground  to  it.  This  corapU'ted  the 
first  sitting.  In  tlje  afternoon  of  the  same  day  it  re<iuir<'d  hvt  a 
sitting  of  fifteen  minutes  to  adjust  the  prepared  coating.  Thorosult  was 


Pl.ATK    B. 

a  complete  restoration,  with  the  least  possible  amount  of  inconvenience 
to  the  patient  and  the  greatest  amount  of  tooth  substance  preserved. 
Contrast  this  operation  with  what  it  would  have  been  necessary  to  do 
had  I  attempted  to  restore  the  tooth  by  means  of  a  gold  filling,  or  to 
place  upon  the  root  a  properly  prepai'ed  gold  crown.  Think  of  the 
long  and  tedious  operation,  and  when  completed  what  a  conspicuous 
piece  of  mouth  jewelry  it  would  have  presented,  and  you  may,  per- 
haps, realize  a  i)art  of  the  degree  of  satisfaction  which  I  felt  when  I 
finished  my  operation. 


SIGNIFICANT. 

The  mere  coating  of  a  metallic  tooth  crown  with  enamels,  in  all 
my  former  experiments,  proved  to  be  impracticable.  This  was 
especially  so  in  the  case  of  front  teeth,  for  the  following  reasons: 

First — It  was  impossible  to  secure  the  proper  tint  or  shading. 

Secondly — The  contour  of  the  surface  of  the  tooth  could  not 
be  produced  with  that  accuracy  and  finish  as  obtained  in  the  case  of 


i:SA«k-    ■ 


31 


inouldml  twtli  ;    hoiico  uiy  roiiHoiiH   for  resortiiijj  to  tbo  j)ropnre<l 
veniuMH. 

Tlio  noxt  (liflicnlty  to  ovoroome  whh  to  provide  a  lui^tallic  bane, 
constrnciiiig  it  in  snch  a  luanuer  whorel)y  a  Hutticiont  quantity  of 
l)()<ly  could  1)0  provided,  iu  order  to  jjain  more  strength,  an  well  as  to 
nmko  nior«  room  for  reliable  fastening  devicoH.  In  addition  to  thiw, 
it  ro(|uired  a  greater  depth  of  body  over  the  platinum  base,  on 
aocouut  of  the  dark  gray  color  of  the  metal  Ijeing  transmitte*! 
through  the  translucent  body.  It  was,  therefore,  found  impos 
Hible  lo  Hucceod  with  a  th'Q  coat  of  enamel  or  body  and  at  the 
Hamo  time  secure  the  proper  color  of  the  natural  tooth  sulwtaDCo. 
In  addition  to  the  a))ove,  I  found  it  necessary  to  provide  a  series  of 
prepaied  veneers  as  separate  articles  of  manufacture,  protlucing 
them  in  a  great  variety  of  forms,  sizes  and  shades.  From  a 
selection  of  them  the  dentist  could  obtain  results  that  represented 
an  expenditure  of  time,  expense  and  la1)or,  impossible  for  him  to 
secure  by  any  other  method.  In  a  series  of  devices  of  this  kind,  a 
ready  and  reliable  means  was  made  available  in  which  to  obtain  the 
proper  blending  of  colors,  accurate  contour  of  surface,  finish,  etc. 
An  illustrated  description  will  make  it  bettor  understood.  (See 
the  following  article,  Plate  XX.) 


IMPROVEMENT  IN  OPERATIVE  DENTISTRY. 

Patented  July  K^th,  1888. 

M'^ia.  J-  •/ 


JiJw.  S.  :S^^n   4 


Plate  SO. 


This  invention  has  been  nominated  an  improvement  in  operative 
dentistry,  from  the  fact  that  it  consists  of  much  more  than  the  mere 
coating  of  a  metallic  base  with  enamel ;  also  that  it  covers  more 
than  a  single  result,  being  applicable  for  both  partial  and  entire 


82 


frowns,    filliii)»H,    t^ic.       Fi>»-     1.     A< 

illustriitos   llio    HhH|)»'    ill    which   to 

proparo  tht<  orowu   l)y  rtMlnciiijj  tho 

imturnl   tooth  HultMturico.     Fig.  2,  A, 

iiuliciiteH  tho  hhiiio  Hliape  Imilt  on  a 

root.     V'\ff.  8  in  the  platinum  matrix, 

Hhowinjj  its  projter  Hhape  and  havinj* 

pinH  attached.     Fij;.  4    in  the   com 

|)leted     metallic    overcoat  ;      C,    (', 

veneer.      When  the  matrix  is  ready 

aH  shown  in  Fijj.  8,  the  first  staj^e  of 

the  operation  in  to  lay  a  coating  of  liody  about  the  pins,  filling  the 

(lepreHsion   ho  as  to  produce  an  angle  as  Heen  in  Fig.  1,  A.     Jt  is 

then  i)aHKed  into  the  furnace  and  the  l)ody  fused  to  a  glaze.     It  is 

thea  removed  and  placed  into  a  cold  mullle  to  cool.     This  is  known 

as   tho   first   biscuit.     At  this  stage  of  the  process  it  is  ready  to 

receive  the  veneer,  as  shown  at  Fig.  C,  C.     The  veneer  is  h  -.'urod 

by  placing  a  portion  of  tody  between  it  and  that  which  bft^i  been 

fused  to  the  base.  Fig.  3,  when  it  is  ready  for  the  final  bala,  and 

would  appear  as  shown  in  Fig.  4. 


INCIDENTS  OP  OPPIOE  PRAOTIOE. 

Patient,  lady  of  30  years,  presented  tho  inv^Tidar  position  of  the 
root  of  left  lateral  incisor.  An  artificial  tooth  ( rowu,  Logan  pattern, 
had   been  adjusted  to  the  root,  but  ]»roved   to  be  unsatisfactory. 

This  singular  defect  was  restored 
in  a  most  satisfactory  maniier  as 
follows:  The  Logan  crown  was 
removed,  and  a  screw-post  ad- 
justed as  seen  in  the  engraving, 
Plate  R.  The  platinum  telescope 
as  shown  beneath,  was  made  to 
fit  over  the  root  and  post.  After 
pj^^^j,  ^^  the  telescope  is  removed— being 

in  the  form  of  a  tapering  cylinder — it  will  be  found  necessary  to 
first  grind  off  the  lingual  surface  in  order  to  have  it  present  corres- 
jionding  angles  with"  the  adjoining  teeth.  Having  cut  away  this 
portion  of  the  cylinder,  a  piece  of  plate  is  cut,  and  then  burnished  to 
conform  to  the  shape  of  the  angle  of  the  lingual  surface  of  the  cor- 
responding members.     It  is  then  soldered  with  pure  gold  to  the 


8» 


•••••l 


cyliiulor.     'I'he  noxt  Htiip'  of  the  operatit)!!  i«  to  ^riud  tho  mitorior 

Hurfiu'n  of  tht>  cyliiulHr  very  thin;  then  adjiiHt  it  to  the  root.     Hold 

it  firmly  in   ity   placo   until,  by 

iiioanH  of  n  rouud-i>ndi>d  burii- 

nisher,    it   can    Im>   inulloted   in 

Buch  a  iimnuer  bh  to  rtMhice  the 

front  HiitViciontly  tt)  imiko  room 

f(jrtho  ])repiiro(l  voueer.     In  the 

engraving,    Plate    S,   the    com-  Pi^tk  s. 

pleted  operation  is  whown,  indicating  that  not  only  the  veneer  han 

hoen  fused  to  the  prepared  cylinder,  but  also  a  portion  of  artificial 

gum  was  added;   thus  restoring   the    proper  length  of  tooth  and 

completely  concealing  the  position  of  the  abnormal  root.     In  many 

instances  Ixjth  tooth  substance  and  gum  can  be  restored  artilicially, 

and  to  a  degree  of  perfection  that  will  be  a  surprise  to  the  uninitiated 

in  the  art. 

Miga ,  14  years  of  age,  healthy  and  well  developed,  except 

the  defect  in  the  teeth,   presented  a  condition  as  illustrated  in  the 

engraving  Fig.  1,  Plate  G. 
This  will  be  interesting  both 
to  the  dentist  and  the  physi- 
ologist. Notice  that  the 
roots  of  the  teeth  have 
grown  to  almost  their  nor- 
mal size,  and  are  evidently 
still  progressing.  It  will  be 
observed  that  the  enamel  of 

BKIfOBB  THE     U'LATUQ]     OPBRATION.  UUBOl  *ou     unci. 

the  crowns  is  perfectly  developed  for  a  short  distance  from  the  roots, 
and  that  it  ends  abruptly,  the  rest  of  the  crowns  showing  a  want 
of  development,  principally  on  that  portion  of  the  teeth  where 
enamel  alone  should  form;  it  will  also  be  seen  that  the  defect  involved 
all  of  the  front  teeth  and  a  portion  of  those  at  the  back.  On  the 
lower  jaw  marked  traces  of  the  same  defects  were  apparent  and 
correspond  to  the  same  conditions  as  above.  The  indications  are 
that  in  childhood  local  causes  had  in  some  way  retarded  the  building 
up  of  the  functions  during  the  greatest  period  of  the  development  of 
these  particular  teeth,  which  was  verified  by  the  statements  of  her 
parent,  who  informed  me  that  her  daughter,  when  a  child,  had 
been  in  feeble  health  for  several  years,  and  this  after  a  severe 
attack  of  scarlet  fever.      Here  then  is  a  beautiful  illustration  of  the 


84 

allied  int(«reHtH  of  medicine 
nrul  dnntiHtry.  Kvitlently  tho 
|)riiuiiry  caune  of  th«  (Uwiiwe 
originated  at  that  period  of 
life  when  the  application  of 
medical  Hkill  wbh  the  only 
reme<ly  that  could  Im)  ap- 
plied, and  yearH  after  the 
A.^.77.*N.K  ArTKK  |P-,.T.  ».|  K««ro.u.i:.N.  opporlunity  arrived  when  it 
was  time  for  the  tlentist  to  complete  the  healing?  art.  Fig.  2,  Plate 
H,  ilhiHtrateH  the  name  cane  rentoreil  by  means  of  metallic  enamel 
ooatH.  Practically,  that  which  nature  had  l)een  unable  to  provide 
had  lieen  accompliHhed  artificially,  and  the  most  important  feature 
of  the  work  in  that  this  has  Iwen  done  without  the  necesHity  of 
deHtroying  any  pulps  or  injuring  any  of  the  eensitive  tissues.  The 
teeth  are  now  thoroughly  protecteii  from  decay  and  are  restored 
perfectly  in  shape,  wize  and  color,  serving  their  puri)Oses  as  com- 
pletely as  though  no  disease  bad  occurred. 


PATIENT  No.  2 

Age  48  years;  lower  incisors  worn  off  by  abrasion,  as  shown  in 
the  engraving,  Fig.  1.  This  involved  the  eight  lower  anterior 
teeth,  the  molars  being  substituted  with  a  partial  denture  of  con- 
tinuous gum  work.  The  patient  having  a  vigorous  constitution,  the 
teeth  were  well  set  in  the  process  and  gums.  Pulps  had  receded 
and  partial  ossification  taken  place.  The  work  demanded  was  not 
only  to  adjust  crowns  on  the  roots  but  to  restore  the  proper  length 


BiroRE  THB  [Plate  I.— Fio.  1.]  operatiom. 


35 

»K)tb  in  th*»  nrtiticiiil  a«ntnro  iind  crowns,  m>  thnt  tho  iintiiKoniHraB 
wouUl  l»  ti»<«  Hiiino  aH  when  tli«  t«H<tli  w«r«  in  th.«ir  nonnul  condition. 
In  prBiiiuifiK  tbo  nirtHUic  .Mianiol  ('oiits  nii  alloy  of  |>lHt.itmm  hii<1 
iridium  was  umjmI;  tlio  objwt  Hounlit  wftH  to  liavo  tho  inotal  aH  thin 
HH  poH»iUU>  and  at  thi»  Hanio  time  be  Hnrtlciently  Htron^  to  withntand 
the  nm  .  mired  in  manticatiou,  etc.  AIho  reab/.inK  tlio  advantage 
of  liiiviriK  ihe  metal  coatH  uh  thin  aw  jxwible  about  the  neckn  of  the 
teetii,  which  would  Hocure  a  very  clone  adaptation  and  take  up  the 
leaHt  Hpace  between  the  roots. 

In  this  alloy  the  desirable  q)ialitieH  wore  found  especially  for 
the  lower  incisors.  FiR.  1,  I'lftte  J,  illustrates  the  appearance  of  the 
work  when  complete.1,  and  is  at  present  giving  the  utmost  satisfac- 
tion.    Four  years  previous  these  teeth  had  been  built  up  with  gold 


APP«AmANO«  AFTBH     IPLATB  J.-FIO.   1.]     BEOTOIUTION. 

by  an  experienced  and  careful  operator,  but  as  usual  the  gold  had 
gradually  become  battered  down  and  completely  worn  off.     In  com- 
parison I  have  a  large  number  of  crowns  that  were  adjusted  to 
the  roots  of  teeth  eight  and  ten  years  ago,  and  this  was  done  in  a 
crude  way,  and  at  the  present  time  doing  good  service.     I  therefore 
can  speak  with  confidence  as  to  the  greater  durability  of  this  more 
perfect  method  of  adjusting  porcelain  coats,  sections  and  fillings, 
whereby  every  possible  condition  of  decay  can  be  arrested  and  the 
teeth  restored  perfectly  to  their  natural  appearance  in  shape,  size 
and  color.     Add  to  this  the  fact  thfct  these  operations  are  accom- 
plished without  pain  or  fatigue  to  either  the  patient  or  dentist,  that 
the  long  and  tedious  malleting  is  dispensed  with,  the  protracted  use 
of  rubber  dam  not  required;  therefore  will  it  not  be  considered  as 
one  of  the  greatest  boons  to  suffering  humanity. 


VALUABLE  ADVIQE. 

Do  not  imagine  that  a  blacksmith's  bellows  will  answer  the  pur- 
pose of  an  air  supply  for  the  furnace;  while  it  may  have  plenty  of 
volume,  it  lacks  the  pressure.  Nor  will  hydrostatic  apparatus  do; 
it  may  furnish  the  pressure,  but  lacks  the  volume. 

If  the  gas  meter  is  more  than  thirty  feet  from  the  furnace,  and 
the  supply  of  gas  not  enough  to  give  a  rich  and  full  volume,  it  will 
be  due  to  want  of  pressure  at  the  works,  or  to  the  small  size  of  the 
pipes  at  the  point  of  delivery.  When  there  is  not  enough  gas  the 
first  step  will  be  to  have  the  pipes  replaced  with  a  three-quarter-inch 
main  from  the  meter  close  up  to  the  furnace. 


IMPORTANT. 


The  iTibber  tubing  connecting  with  the  bellows  and  the  furnace 
should  be  as  short  as  possible.  The  longer  the  pipe  the  greater 
friction  there  is  to  overcome,  and  strain  on  the  bellows.  Also  the 
increased  work  of  the  operator  will  be  materially  affected.  Even 
one  foot  of  extra  pipe  will  make  a  decided  difference,  not  only  with 
the  extra  exertion  of  the  operator,  but  the  lack  of  a  strong  jet  of  air 
into  the  burner  will  retard  combustion,  thus  interfering  with  the 
successful  operating  of  the  furnace. 

A  piece  of  wire  cloth — very  fine  mesh — should  be  placed  over 
the  air  supply  pipe  or  at  the  orifice  of  the  blower.  This  will  pre- 
vent any  small  particles  of  dirt  from  getting  into  the  small  tubes  of 
the  blow-pipe  to  clog  them. 


NECESSARY  MATERIAL  FOR  PRAOTIOING 
THE  ART. 

For  preparing  sections  for  fillings.  Platinum  Foil  No.  60, 
standard  guage,  is  the  proper  thickness,  and  for  large  cavities  No. 
50  or  55  is  recommended.  For  making  the  telescopes  for  crown 
work  use  Nos.  28  to  32  Plate.  All  should  be  well  annealed  by  heat- 
ing with  the  blow-pipe  to  a  white  heat. 

Where  the  lower  front  teeth  are  to  bo  crowned  an  alloy  of 
Platinum  and  Iridium  is  used.  This  is  much  stiflfer  and  can  be 
rolled  to  No.  35  Plate.  Where  it  is  desirable  to  take  up  less  room 
between  the  roots  of  the  teeth  this  is  recommended.  . '-  '^ 

There  are  now  five  standard  shades  of  bodies  or  enamels,  put 
up  in  one  ounce  packages;  and  by  mixing  these  in  various  propor- 
tions a  great  variety  of  tints  may  be  had.     Also  a  great  variety  of 


-=r«*si«*p*rftr 


37 

prepared  veneers,  representing  the  anterior  surface  of  each  class  and 
size  of  teeth,  are  put  up  in  packages  of  100,  assorted  incisors  or 
molars  and  bicuspids,  or  cuspid.-'. 

Long  and  short  flat-headed  Pl-itinum  Pins  may  be  had,  put  up 
in  dozen  or  two  dozen  packages.  These  are  very  useful  in  making 
attachments  for  fillings,  for  clasps,  for  rubber  work  and  backings, 
for  plate,  teeth,  crowns,  etc. 


THE  WILMINGTON  DENTAL,  MANUFACTURING 
OO.,  WILMINGTOII,  DEL., 

Are  our  Agents  for  these  goods. 

Price  of  Body,  per  ounce,  $1.50;  Veneers,  per  100,  $8.00; 
Platinum  Foil,  60  cents  per  Dwt.;  Platinum  Plate,  50  cents  per 
Dwt;  Platinum  Pins,  36  cents  per  dozen;  Asbestos  Fibre,  50  to  75 
cents  per  pound;  Muffles,  large  size,  8  inches,  $1.25  each;  Muffles, 
small  size,  60  cents  each;  Round  Slides,  large,  10  cents  each;  Round 
Slides,  small,.  5  cents  each. 


.  ,.  Mi'    ■'     X  .f  ' 

"       ■,   .    .  '    '/.''•  ".  ■    ■'     -   f  it  f.'i    -' 

;  .' ,';  .  '»'  .'j.  r.rl    \i  ,■  ?;;.'•  .'■  't 
,  ..■7  ,;     ••'       .  p; 


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38 

TO  THE  DENTAL  PROFESSION. 

In  dividing  our  interests,  it  has  not  been  without  a  careful 
consideration  of  the  rights  and  the  protection  of  others  as  well  as 
our  own.  Of  the  several  methods  of  handling  patented  inventions, 
and  after  testing  other  ways  of  making  our  interests  mutual,  have 
i  and  the  license  plan  the  only  practical  and  satisfactory  method  of 
securing  equal  privileges  to  all. 

We  realize  that  these  improvements  are  to  be  observed  strictly 
as  an  art,  and  do  not  expect  that  every  one  who  may  assume  to  so 
pr»M5tice  it  will  be  successful.  Our  terms  and  conditions  may  have  a 
t^iXiAency  to  keep  many  from  investing.  This  we  anticipate,  but  are 
of  *Jie  opinion  that  better  protection  will  be  maintained  by  uphold- 
ing the  highest  standard  in  excellence  of  products,  etc. 

The  first  mutual  act  vnll  be  the  opening  of  our  office  and 
laboratory,  free  to  instruct  all  those  who  will  see  enough  value  in 
what  we  have  to  offer  for  reasonable  considerations.  We  cordially 
invite  an  investigation,  and  feel  sure  of  being  able  to  offer  a  series 
of  improvements  that  have  a  real,  substantial  value.  Dr.  Land  has,  for 
the  past  eighteen  years,  enjoyed  a  select  practice  exclusively 
with  the  wealthy  and  influential  citizens  of  Detroit  and  vicinity, 
making  a  specialty  of  high  grade  dental  operations,  both  in  the 
mechanical  and  operative  branches  of  the  art,  and  hereafter  will 
give  especial  attention  to  visiting  dentists  who  wish  to  investigate. 

By  permission,  the  following  names  are  refeiTed  to  : 

Daniel  Scotten.  Esq.,  Tobacco  Manufacturer. 

Jerome  Croul,  President  Detroit  Fire  Commissioners. 

George  W.  Moore,  Attorney. 

Emort  Wendell,  President  First  National  Bank. 

J.  W.  Weeks,  City  Directory  Publishing  Company. 

Hon.  C.  I.  Walker. 

Col.  G.  8.  Wormer. 

Hon.  Moses  W.  Field,  Regent  University  of  Michigan. 

George  Thrall,  Detroit  Machine  Screw  Works. 

Thos.  a.  Parker,  Esq. 

Hon.  E.  C.  Walker. 

A.  M.  Parker.  Wholesale  Grocer. 

C.  G.  Freeman,  Pontiac,  Mich. 

Gbo.  Farwbll. 

Also  we  refer  to  the  names  of  a  number  of  our  licensees  : 

Drs.  Barber  &  Kline,  Toledo,  Ohio. 

Dr.  C.  Thomas,  Des  Moin<?9,  Towa. 

Dr.  W.  B.  Gribwold,  Denver,  Col. 

Drs.  H.  D.  Osgood  &  Son,  Boston,  Mass. 

M.  F.  Lennox,  D.  D.  S.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 


so 


.ful 
[  as 
tna, 
ave 
I  of 

Jtly 
)  so 
re  a 
are 

3ld- 

and 
B  in 
ally 
ries 
for 
?ely 

tity, 
the 
will 
e. 


Dr.  J.  A.  Robinson,  Jackson,  Mich. 

Dr.  D.  V.  Bbacock.  BrockvlUe,  Ont.  , 

Dr.  W.  H.  Hall,  Binghamton,  N.  Y. 

Dh.  F.  Pkrrt,  Pontiac,  Mich. 

Dr.  L.  Wilkie,  Port  Huron,  Mich. 

Dr.  C.  E.  Root,  Flint,  Mich. 

Dr.  G.  W.  Wkrt7,  Omaha,  Neb. 

Dr.  J.  A.  Smith,  Windsor.  Ont. 

Dr.  C.  B.  Porter,  Bay  City,  Mich. 

Drs.  Spencb  &  Beach,  Watkins,  N.  Y. 

Dr.  N.  J.  Perry,  Charlevoix,  Mich. 

H.  H.  Keith,  D.  D.  S.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Dr.  a.  Robinson,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 

Dr.  W.  H.  Prittib.  Chicago,  111. 

Drs.  Winchester  &  Godfrey,  Alpena,  Mich. 

Dr.  J.  M  CoMEGYB,  St.  Albans,  Vt. 

Dr.  D.  W.  Fellows,  Portland,  Maine. 

Dr.  L.  Robertson,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

E.  N.  Baker,  D.  D.  8.,  Medina,  N.  Y. 
H.  E.  Small,  D.  D.  S.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 
Dr.  6.  H.  Taylor,  Mobile,  Ala. 

Drs.  Cook  &  Barney,  South  Haven,  Mich. 

Dr.  a.  N.  Hale,  Ft.  Howard,  Wis. 

Dr.  H.  a.  McDaniels,  Birmingham,  Ala. 

F.  W.  Cryderman,  D.  D.  S.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
C.  R.  Yearick,  D.  D.  8.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

W.  F.  Wheeler,  D.  D.  S.,  Spencer,  Mass. 

G.  R.  Volck,  D.  D.  S.,  Baltimore,  Md. 
W.  H.  HooPES,  D.  D.  8.,  Baltimore,  Md. 


. ; .  OUR  DIFFERENT  PLANS  OF  LICENSES. 

5        No.  1— $10  p; -■  month,  payable  monthly  in  advance,  for  lease 
and  license  of  small  Furnace  and  Porcelain  Process. 

No  2-$85  for  first  year,  and  $50  per  annum  for  each  year 
thereafter,   for  lease  and  Ucense  of  small  Furnace  and  Porcelain 

No  3— f  125  for  first  year,  and  150  per  annum  for  each  year 
thereafter,   for  lease  and  license  of  large  Furnace  and  Porcelain 

Process.  -^  *  '  " 

Price  of  Bellows 

Blow-pipe 


$8.00 
3.75 


For  Particulars  address 

PORCELAIN  DENTAL  ART  COMPANY, 

DETROIT,    MICH. 


40 


^^^^  ^j^Mtib) 


16 


THE  WILMINGTON  DENTKL  MFG.  GO. 


CB 


IS  w 

WILMINGTON, 


%h% 


13  J8 

DELAWARE 


lt\^ 


14 


19 


Send  for  New  Sample  Card  of  Shades  mailed  free. 


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20 


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I     ! 


IMPROVED  APPARATUS 


KOK    PKUni'CINO 


ANAESTHESIA 


I'atkntku  Makcii  4,  1884. 


REASONS  WHY  LONG'S  GAS  APPARATUS  IS  THE  BEST. 

I.  Because  it  in  the  only  apparatus 
in  which  nan  can  he  kept  pure  after  It 
is  left  out  of  tlie  gas  cylinder. 

•J.  BecauHe  it  in  the  oiilv  apparatus 
whose  gag  ciiainber  ia  lieriiietically 
sealed,  and  there  Ih  alwolutely  no  waste 
of  gas. 

3.  Because  it  is  the  only  apparatus 
that  has  a  wet  clHturn  for  sensitive 
motion,  and  yet  a  dry  gas  chamber. 

4.  Because  It  Ih  the  only  apparatus 
that,  by  removing  the  welKhts  from 
the  receiver,  all  pressure  on  the  gas  is 
relieved. 

5.  Because  any  Inhaler  can  be  used 
better  than  on  any  other  apparatus. 
Even  if  the  valves  in  the  inhaler  are 
small,  the  How  uf  gas  throuKh  the  in- 
haler can  be  Increased  by  pressure  on 
the  receiver. 

fl.  It  is  the  only  apparatus  that  Is 
sensitive  to  motion. 

7.  It  is  well  known  that  water  ab- 
sorbs the  Impurities  in  a  room,  and 
this  is  the  only  apparatus  from  which 
the  water  will  not  K'^e  up  impure  air 
for  (tas. 

H.  The  float  resting  on  the  surface  of 
the  water  prevents  the  water  from 
splas'iinK  over  and  flUing  up  the  cen- 
tral tube,  If  It  becomes  necessary  to 
move  the  apparatus  about. 

9  It  is  the  only  apparatus  that  can 
be  easily  regulated  to  any  lung  power. 

10.  It  Is  the  only  apparatus  that  lias 
at  the  base  of  the  inside  cylinder  air 
tight  metal  chambers,  for  the  easy 
egress  an(l  ingress  of  water. 

II.  It  is  the  only  apparatus  that 
keeps  all  surplus  gas  that  remains  in 
the  receiver;  and  this  feature  will  pay 
for  the  apparatus  in  a  short  time. 

18.  The  inhaling  tube  Is  large,  and 
the  receiver  sensitive  to  motion,  so 
that  the  patient  can  breathe  from  the 
first  to  the  lost  of  the  operation,  as 
easily  as  breathing  atmospheric  air. 

13.  It  Is  always  ready  for  use,  and 
so  simple  in  Its  structure  that  It  can 
hardly  get  out  of  order. 

14.  It  has  a  chemioal  attacliment.  and  can  lie  used  witli  or  witliout  the  mixture. 

15.  It  has  a  <yllnder  stond  attached  at  the  base  of  main  apparatus,  that  will  hold  either  a 
100  or  500  gallon  ovlinder. 

16.  It  Is  finely  finished,  and  make.i  an  elegant  ornament  In  the  office. 

17.  It  is  graduated,  and  t\,e  operator  can  tell  the  exact  quantity  of  gas  that  tHe  patient  is 
taking. 

DESCRIPTIVE  Catalogue  sent  on  application 

—  TO  — 

H.  J.  CAULKINS, 

Dealer   iaa.   all   IClaaucLs   of    Dental   Sia.pplies, 
29  AND  31  STATE  ST.,        DETROIT,  MICH. 


#. 


..-5^1  NATIONAL  I^' 


MANUFACTURERS  AND  PATENTEES 


I  mm; 


FOR 


Oenti8t8,_A58ayer8, 

Jewelers,  Metallurgi&ts, 

Art  and  §eientifie,farpo8e8. 


Ho.  264  WOODWARD  AYEHUE, 

DETROIT.  MICHIGAN. 


C^E'IT.^I-. 


$2e50,000.00. 


OFFICERS  t 


President. 


Vice-President. 


Secretary. 


s. 


;e8. 


>o. 


BMorar. 


